ArthCalculator Knowledge Hub

Financial Guides to Help You Make Smarter Money Decisions

Explore 111 in-depth educational guides explaining investing, derivative strategies, tax laws, business valuation ratios, loan management, and long-term retirement math in simple language backed by accurate calculations.

📚 111 Total Guides ✅ Verified Mathematical Formulas 💡 Practical Indian Finance Nuances ✓ Updated for FY 2026-27

Must-Read Flagship Guides

📈 Investing, Compounding & Mutual Funds

Master compounding math, SIP strategies, fund metrics, and portfolio asset allocation.

21 Guides
Wealth Compounding 8 min

What Is Compound Interest? Complete Beginner Guide

A beginner-friendly guide to compound interest: how it works, simple examples, compounding frequency, common mistakes and practical planning tips.

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Interest & Compounding 8 min

Simple Interest vs Compound Interest: Which Makes You Richer?

Discover the difference between simple and compound interest. Learn formulas, worked examples, and how compounding accelerates long-term wealth.

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Investing Basics 8 min

Rule of 72 Explained: How to Estimate Investment Doubling Time

Learn the Rule of 72 with examples, accuracy limits, inflation and debt applications. Estimate how long an investment or price level takes to double.

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Financial Mathematics 8 min

Time Value of Money (TVM) Explained with Examples

Master the Time Value of Money (TVM) concept. Learn why ₹100 today is worth more than ₹100 tomorrow with Future Value and Present Value formulas.

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Mutual Funds & SIP 9 min

SIP vs Lumpsum: Which Investment Strategy Is Better?

Compare SIP and lumpsum investing with examples, volatility, risk, flexibility and practical decision guidance for long-term financial goals.

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Wealth Creation & SIP 8 min

Step-Up SIP Explained: How to Beat Inflation and Build Massive Wealth

Discover the power of Step-Up SIPs. Learn how increasing mutual fund investments by 10% annually builds massive retirement wealth with real math.

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SIP & Compounding 8 min

SIP Cost of Delay: How Delaying 5 Years Cuts Your Retirement Corpus in Half

Discover the hidden cost of delaying your monthly SIP investments. Worked numerical examples showing how a 5-year delay requires double the investment.

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Savings vs Investing 9 min

SIP vs RD (Recurring Deposit): Which Is Better for Wealth Creation?

Compare Mutual Fund SIP and Bank Recurring Deposit (RD). Detailed comparison of returns, risk, liquidity, inflation impact, and worked examples.

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Investment Returns 8 min

CAGR vs XIRR vs Absolute Return: What’s the Difference?

Learn when to use CAGR, XIRR and absolute return with simple examples, comparison tables, mistakes to avoid and practical portfolio tips.

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Mutual Fund Returns 8 min

XIRR vs CAGR: Calculating Mutual Fund Returns

Master XIRR vs CAGR for mutual fund return calculations. Learn when to use CAGR for lump sum investments and XIRR for irregular SIPs in 2026.

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Portfolio Analysis 10 min

Rolling Returns vs Point-to-Point CAGR: Evaluating True Fund Consistency

Learn why point-to-point CAGR can be misleading when evaluating mutual funds and why Rolling Returns provide the ultimate measure of fund consistency.

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Mutual Funds & Fees 9 min

Mutual Fund Expense Ratio Impact: How 1% Extra Fee Costs You Lakhs

Learn how small differences in mutual fund Expense Ratio (TER) drag down your long-term wealth. Direct vs Regular plan comparison with worked examples.

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Index Funds & Factor Investing 12 min

Smart Beta Index Funds: Factor Investing Strategy for Higher Market Returns

Guide to Smart Beta factor investing in India. Compare Momentum, Low Volatility, Quality, and Value index funds. TER, tracking error, and portfolio rules.

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Cash Parking & Yield 10 min

Arbitrage Funds vs Liquid Funds: Returns, Risk & Exit Loads Compared

Compare Arbitrage vs Liquid Mutual Funds for short-term parking. Detailed breakdown of cash-futures spreads, tax efficiency, and exit loads.

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Fixed Income & Debt Funds 10 min

Target Maturity Debt Funds: Locking in Fixed Income Yields without Credit Risk

Learn how Target Maturity Debt Funds (TMFs) work in India. Compare SDLs, G-Secs, PSU Bonds, Yield-to-Maturity (YTM), and interest rate risk protection.

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Precious Metals & Gold 11 min

Gold ETF vs Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB) vs Physical Gold: Returns, Tax & Yield

Compare Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGB), Gold ETFs, and Physical Gold in India. Detailed analysis of 2.5% annual interest, capital gains tax, and costs.

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Real Estate & Infrastructure Yield 11 min

REITs vs InvITs in India: Comparing Dividend Yields & Institutional Backing

Compare REITs and InvITs in India. Detailed analysis of 7%-10% distribution yields, taxability (Dividend, Interest, SPV Debt), and credit risk.

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Risk Management & Investing 8 min

Risk vs Return: The Fundamental Trade-off in Investing

Understand the Risk vs Return trade-off. Learn why higher returns require calculated risk and how to balance asset allocation for steady growth.

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Portfolio Asset Allocation 11 min

Portfolio Rebalancing Strategy: When & How to Rebalance Equity vs Debt

Master portfolio rebalancing math. Learn calendar vs threshold rebalancing (5% corridor rule), risk control, and tax-efficient rebalancing strategies.

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Startup Equity & ESOPs 8 min

Startup Wealth: A Complete Guide to ESOPs

Understand Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) in India. Learn about vesting cliffs, exercise periods, and the dreaded dual-taxation rules.

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Startup Equity & Dilution 11 min

ESOP Vesting Schedules & Cap Table Dilution: What Startup Employees Must Know

Understand ESOP vesting schedules, cliff periods, strike price, and cap table dilution. Calculate real wealth from startup stock options upon exit.

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🏠 Loans, Mortgages & Debt Management

Calculate EMIs, optimize home loan prepayments, expose hidden credit traps, and manage borrowing.

23 Guides
Home Loans & Mortgages 8 min

Home Loan Eligibility Explained: How Banks Calculate Your Borrowing Power

Discover how home loan eligibility is calculated. Learn formulas banks use, how FOIR and credit scores affect limits, and tips to boost approval.

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Mortgage Strategy & Investing 8 min

Home Loan Prepayment vs SIP Investment

Should you prepay your home loan early or invest surplus money in mutual fund SIPs? Review math formulas, scenario analysis, and tips.

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Loan Refinancing 9 min

Home Loan Balance Transfer Breakeven: When to Switch Lenders for Lower EMI

Calculate if a Home Loan Balance Transfer (HLBT) saves money. Breakeven analysis accounting for processing fees, foreclosure charges, and rate cuts.

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Smart Mortgage Strategies 11 min

Home Loan Overdraft Account vs Regular Home Loan: Interest Savings Math

Compare Home Loan Overdraft accounts like SBI Maxgain with regular home loans. Learn how parking surplus cash reduces interest outgo.

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Loan Math & EMI 8 min

How EMI Is Calculated: Formula Explained with Examples

Learn how EMI is calculated with the reducing-balance formula, a worked home-loan example, amortisation basics and practical borrowing tips.

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Loan Analysis & Amortization 8 min

Loan Amortization Explained

What is loan amortization? Learn how your EMI is split between principal and interest, and how an amortization schedule dictates your debt repayment.

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Debt Management 8 min

Loan Prepayment Strategy: Should You Invest or Pay Off Debt?

Discover the ultimate home loan prepayment strategy. Learn the mathematics of foreclosing your loan early vs investing extra cash in equities.

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Real Estate Financing 10 min

Pre-EMI vs Full EMI on Under-Construction Homes: Interest Drag Explained

Understand Pre-EMI vs Full EMI for under-construction property home loans. Calculate total interest paid, principal reduction, and tax benefits.

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Mortgage Acceleration 10 min

Step-Up Home Loans: How Increasing EMIs Shortens 30-Year Loan to 12 Years

Calculate how Step-Up Home Loans work. Increasing your home loan EMI by 5% or 10% annually cuts loan tenure by over 50% and saves lakhs in interest.

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Real Estate & Housing 8 min

Rent vs Buy a House in India: The Ultimate Financial Breakdown

Should you buy a house or rent and invest in SIP? Complete financial guide comparing EMI, property tax, maintenance, and equity returns in India.

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Interest Rate Dynamics 8 min

Fixed vs Floating Interest Rate: Which Should You Choose?

Compare fixed vs floating interest rates for home loans. Discover pros, cons, mathematical examples, and expert tips to make the right choice.

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Loan Mechanics & APR 8 min

Flat Interest vs Reducing Balance Interest

Understand the difference between flat and reducing balance interest. Learn how to convert flat rates to effective APR and avoid loan traps.

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Consumer Finance & Credit 8 min

No Cost EMI Truth: Hidden Interest Charges, GST & Foregone Cash Discounts

Uncover the truth behind 'No-Cost EMI' offers on credit cards and e-commerce platforms. Calculate hidden interest, 18% GST on interest, and lost discounts.

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Credit Cards & Debt Traps 8 min

Credit Card EMI Explained: The True Cost of "Easy" Payments

Understand how credit card EMI works. Discover the hidden costs of EMI conversion, the truth about No Cost EMI, and compare with personal loans.

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Credit Card Strategy 9 min

Credit Card Balance Transfer: Converting High-Interest Card Debt to Low-EMI

Calculate Credit Card Balance Transfer savings and breakeven period. Learn how to transfer high-interest card debt (42%) to low-interest EMIs (12%-15%).

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Credit Card Rewards 9 min

Credit Card Reward Points Valuation: Converting Points to Rupee Cash Value

Learn how to value credit card reward points in Indian Rupees (₹). Compare air miles, cash redemption, hotel points, and avoid point devaluations.

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Secured vs Unsecured Debt 9 min

Gold Loan vs Personal Loan: Interest Rates, LTV Ratios & Processing Fees

Compare Gold Loans vs Personal Loans in India. Detailed guide covering RBI LTV caps, interest rates (8% vs 13%), tenure, and emergency liquidity.

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Emergency Liquidity & Overdrafts 8 min

Loan Against Mutual Funds vs Personal Loan

Compare Loan Against Mutual Funds (LAMF) and Personal Loans in India side by side. Review interest rates, processing speed, and LTV limits.

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Debt Consolidation 10 min

Debt Consolidation Strategy: Merging Multiple Loans into a Single Lower EMI

Master Debt Consolidation. Learn how to merge credit cards, BNPL, and personal loans into one low-interest personal loan to lower monthly outlays.

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Corporate Solvency & Banking 11 min

Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR): How Banks Evaluate Loan Repayment Capacity

Calculate Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) for commercial loans. Learn benchmark formulas, bank thresholds (1.25x-1.50x), and eligibility rules.

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Student Loans & Moratorium 10 min

Education Loan Moratorium Period: Why Simple Interest Accumulation Hurts

Understand Education Loan moratorium period math. Calculate simple interest capitalization, grace period costs, and Section 80E tax deductions.

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Education Loan Refinancing 9 min

Education Loan Refinancing: Switching Lenders After Securing First Job

Calculate Education Loan Refinancing savings. Learn how to switch high-interest student loans (12%-14%) to lower rates (8.5%-9.5%) once employed.

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Automobile Financing 11 min

Car Loan Down Payment vs SIP: Should You Pay 50% Cash or Finance at 8.5%?

Compare car loan down payment vs SIP investment. Evaluate paying cash upfront vs financing at 8.5% interest while investing in equity SIPs.

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🏖️ Retirement, FIRE & Pension Planning

Calculate your FIRE target corpus, safe withdrawal rates, bucket strategies, and tax-efficient SWPs.

11 Guides
Financial Independence & FIRE 8 min

The Ultimate Guide to FIRE in India

Master Financial Independence, Retire Early (FIRE) in India. Learn the 4% rule, calculate your corpus, and understand inflation impacts.

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Retirement Drawdown 11 min

The 4% Rule for Indian Retirees: Adjusting Trinity Study Math for 6% Inflation

Does the 4% withdrawal rule work in India? Calculate safe withdrawal rates (SWR) for Indian retirees considering 6% inflation and equity market volatility.

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Retirement Asset Allocation 12 min

The 3-Bucket Retirement Corpus Strategy: Math of Sustainable Drawdowns

Master the 3-Bucket Retirement strategy for Indian retirees. Calculate cash allocation across Bucket 1 (Liquid), Bucket 2 (Debt), and Bucket 3 (Equity).

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Retirement Risk Management 11 min

Sequence of Returns Risk (SRR): Protecting Retirement Corpus from Crashes

Understand Sequence of Returns Risk (SRR) in retirement planning. Learn how market crashes early in retirement destroy corpus and how to mitigate it.

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Senior Citizen Banking 11 min

Reverse Mortgage Scheme in India: Unlocking Home Equity for Senior Citizen Annuity

Learn Reverse Mortgage rules for senior citizens in India. Calculate monthly annuity, property valuation, eligibility (age 60+), and tax-free income math.

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Retirement Income & SWP 8 min

What is SWP? The Ultimate Guide to Systematic Withdrawal Plans

Learn how Systematic Withdrawal Plans (SWP) work. Generate regular monthly pension income from mutual funds while protecting principal from inflation.

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SWP & Capital Gains Tax 8 min

SWP Tax Calculation for Equity Mutual Funds

Master Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP) tax calculations in India. Learn LTCG tax treatment, FIFO inventory principles, and tax-efficient income.

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Tax-Efficient Cash Flow 10 min

SWP vs Dividend Option in Mutual Funds: Generating Tax-Efficient Monthly Income

Compare Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP) with Mutual Fund IDCW (Dividend) option for regular retirement income. Learn cash flow, tax drag, and safety.

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Sovereign Retirement Schemes 8 min

PPF vs EPF vs NPS: Which is the Best Retirement Investment?

Compare Public Provident Fund (PPF), EPF, and NPS. Understand returns, lock-in rules, tax exemptions, and retirement corpus growth.' Provident Fund (EPF), and National Pension System (NPS). Discover the mathematics of taxation, returns, and retirement planning.

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National Pension System (NPS) 10 min

NPS Tier 1 vs Tier 2: Asset Allocation (E/C/G) & Exit Rules

Compare National Pension System (NPS) Tier 1 and Tier 2 accounts. Detailed breakdown of lock-in rules, asset allocation, and tax deductions.

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Government & Corporate Pension 12 min

Central & State Govt Family Pension Calculation: Commutation & Restoration Rules

Calculate Central and State Govt Family Pension, 40% pension commutation lump sum, 15-year restoration period, and Section 57 tax deductions.

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📑 Income Tax, Salary Structuring & Global Rules

Optimize salary CTC, Section 44ADA presumptive tax, Section 87A rebates, and NRI FEMA regulations.

14 Guides
Freelance Tax & Section 44ADA 8 min

Freelancer vs Salaried Employee: Taxes & Take-Home Pay

A complete tax guide comparing freelance consultants to salaried employees in India. Understand Section 44ADA, GST, and calculate your true take-home pay.

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Income Tax Rebates & Slabs 8 min

Section 87A Rebate Explained: How to Pay ₹0 Tax on ₹12 Lakh Income in FY 2026-27

Complete guide to Section 87A tax rebate for FY 2026-27. Learn how to claim up to ₹60,000 rebate under the New Tax Regime and pay ₹0 tax on ₹12L.

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Capital Gains Tax Planning 8 min

Tax Loss Harvesting: Reduce Capital Gains Tax

Learn how to legally offset your stock market profits and reduce your Capital Gains Tax in India using Tax Loss Harvesting strategies.

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Salary Structuring & CTC 10 min

Salary Structure Optimization: Basic, Special Allowance, HRA & Perquisites

Learn how to structure your CTC salary components for maximum take-home pay. Deep dive into Basic Salary, HRA, LTA, EPF, and Special Allowance.

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Terminal Benefits & Gratuity 9 min

Gratuity Calculation & Eligibility Rules under Gratuity Act 1972

Learn how gratuity is calculated in India under the Payment of Gratuity Act 1972. Eligibility criteria, 15/26 formula, and statutory exemption limits.

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Severance & Leave Encashment 8 min

Leave Encashment Rules for Resignation & Retirement

Learn how Leave Encashment is calculated upon job resignation or retirement in India. Tax exemption limits (₹25 Lakh), formulas, and rules.

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Voluntary Retirement & VRS 11 min

Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS) Compensation Math & Section 10(10C) Tax Exemption

Calculate VRS Voluntary Retirement Scheme compensation payout, Section 10(10C) ₹5 Lakh tax exemption, notice pay, and pension commutation.

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Virtual Digital Assets & Crypto Tax 12 min

1% Crypto TDS & 30% Flat Tax: Why Loss Offsetting Is Disallowed in India

Master Indian crypto tax laws under Section 115BBH & 194S. Learn why loss offsetting is disallowed, how 1% TDS works, and TDS refund rules.

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NRI Banking & FEMA Rules 11 min

NRE vs NRO Savings & FD Accounts: Taxability, Repatriation & Interest Math

Compare NRE vs NRO bank accounts for NRIs in India. Calculate tax-free NRE interest vs 30% TDS on NRO interest, DTAA benefits, and repatriation limits.

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LRS & Outbound Forex 11 min

Outbound Remittance Cost Math: Exchange Rate Margins vs Flat Bank Fees

Calculate outbound remittance costs from India under LRS. Compare exchange rate spreads (USD/INR), bank Nostro fees, and TCS tax collection rules.

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Inward Forex & Export GST 10 min

Inbound Freelance Wire Remittance: Comparing Wise, Payoneer & Bank Wire Rates

Calculate inbound wire transfer fees for Indian freelancers. Compare Payoneer, Wise, PayPal, bank SWIFT rates, FX markups, and FIRC costs.

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International Wire Transfers 12 min

SWIFT International Wire Transfer: Hidden Forex Markup Rates & Intermediary Fees

Expose hidden fees in SWIFT international wire transfers. Calculate exchange rate spreads (2%-4%), correspondent bank fees, and TCS on foreign remittances.

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Global Investing & DTAA 12 min

US Stock Investing for Indians: FX Conversion Markup, Dividend Withholding & LTCG Math

Calculate US stock returns for Indian investors. Analyze FX conversion fees, 25% US dividend withholding tax, 12.5% Indian LTCG, and LRS limits.

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Property Taxes & Stamp Duty 11 min

Stamp Duty & Property Registration Fees Across Indian States: Rates & Savings

Calculate stamp duty and registration fees for property purchases across Indian states. Concessions for women buyers and ready reckoner rate math.

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📊 Trading, Derivatives & Technical Analysis

Master options Greeks, multi-leg spreads, Theta decay, SEBI peak margin rules, and technical charting.

15 Guides
Options Strategies & Greeks 11 min

Iron Condor Strategy Guide: Four-Legged Option Risk & Breakeven Math

Master the Iron Condor options trading strategy. Learn leg selection, max profit, max loss, breakeven points, and range-bound trading mechanics.

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Options Strategies & Risk 10 min

Butterfly Option Spread: Low-Cost Range Trading with Fixed Risk

Learn the Long Butterfly Spread options strategy. Calculate leg setup (1-2-1), max reward-to-risk ratio, upper/lower breakeven points, and expiry math.

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Vertical Credit Spreads 10 min

Bear Call Option Spread: Generating Income in Moderately Bearish Markets

Master the Bear Call Spread options strategy. Calculate net credit collected, max loss, upper breakeven, and risk-reward ratio for Nifty options.

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Options Income Strategies 10 min

Bull Put Option Spread: Defined-Risk Income Strategy for Bull Markets

Learn the Bull Put Spread option strategy. Calculate net credit, maximum risk, lower breakeven point, and option delta for weekly options income.

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Options Theta Decay & Margin 12 min

Short Straddle vs Short Strangle: Comparing Theta Decay, Margin & Breakeven Width

Compare Short Straddle and Short Strangle option strategies. Calculate theta decay, margin requirements, Implied Volatility crush, and profit zones.

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Portfolio Yield & Covered Calls 12 min

Covered Call Strategy: Monthly Income & Downside Cushion Math

Master the Covered Call option strategy. Calculate monthly premium yield, strike selection (Delta 0.20-0.30), and downside breakeven cushion.

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Portfolio Insurance & Collars 10 min

Protective Put Option Strategy: Buying Portfolio Insurance During Market Highs

Master the Protective Put hedging strategy. Learn how to insure your stock portfolio against crashes using Nifty Put options.

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Systematic Options Wheel 12 min

The Nifty Wheel Strategy: Combining Cash-Secured Puts & Covered Calls

Master the Wheel Strategy for Nifty stocks & ETFs. Systematic 2-step options loop: Sell Cash-Secured Puts -> Take Delivery -> Sell Covered Calls.

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Greek Management & Hedging 12 min

Delta-Neutral Portfolio Hedging: Balancing Option Delta & Gamma Exposure

Master Delta-Neutral portfolio hedging. Learn how to calculate net portfolio Delta, hedge directional risk using options, and manage Gamma exposure.

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Implied Volatility & IV Rank 12 min

Options IV Rank (IVR) & IV Percentile: Volatility Edge in F&O Trading

Master Implied Volatility Rank (IVR) and IV Percentile (IVP) in options trading. Learn how to select option buying vs option selling strategies.

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SEBI Margins & F&O Rules 11 min

SEBI Peak Margin Rules in F&O: How to Avoid Margin Shortfall Penalties

Understand SEBI Peak Margin rules in F&O trading. Calculate SPAN margin, Exposure margin, intraday snapshot rules, and shortfall penalty structures.

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Market-Neutral Arbitrage 11 min

Cash-Futures Arbitrage: Earning Risk-Free Yields on Stock Futures Basis

Learn Cash-Futures Arbitrage strategy in Indian stock markets. Buy cash equity, sell stock futures, capture roll spread, and earn risk-free yields.

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Intraday Technical Analysis 12 min

Standard, Woodie & Camarilla Pivot Points: Calculating Daily Support & Resistance

Calculate Standard, Woodie, and Camarilla Pivot Points for day trading. Learn formulas for Pivot (P), S1, S2, S3, R1, R2, R3 levels for Nifty & Bank Nifty.

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Technical Analysis & Charting 11 min

Fibonacci Retracement Trading Levels: 23.6%, 38.2%, 50% & 61.8% Ratios Explained

Master Fibonacci Retracement trading math. Calculate 23.6%, 38.2%, 50%, and 61.8% Golden Ratio support and resistance levels for swing trading.

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Risk Management & Sizing 9 min

Position Sizing Math: Risking 1% Per Trade to Protect Capital

Master position sizing and risk management in stock and options trading. Calculate exact share quantity based on the 1% risk rule and stop-loss.

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💰 Personal Finance, Budgeting & Life Milestones

Budget for high metro rent, plan emergency reserves, fund college tuition, and evaluate clean energy ROI.

16 Guides
Personal Budgeting & Cash Flow 11 min

50/30/20 Budgeting Rule for Indian Salaries: Metro Rent & SIP Adaptation

Apply the 50/30/20 budgeting rule to Indian monthly take-home salaries. Adapt for high metro rent (Mumbai/Bengaluru), EMIs, and automated SIP savings.

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Emergency Funds & Safety 10 min

Emergency Fund Calculation: How Many Months of Expenses Do You Really Need?

Calculate your emergency fund size in India. Learn whether you need 3, 6, or 12 months of living expenses and how to park cash in liquid funds.

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Expense Optimization 9 min

Subscription Leakage Audit: Tracking Hidden Monthly Recurring Expenses

Audit hidden subscription leakage in your monthly budget. Track OTT, SaaS, app auto-debits, gym memberships, and calculate long-term SIP opportunity cost.

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Macroeconomics & Inflation 8 min

Inflation Explained: The Silent Wealth Destroyer

Understand the mathematics of inflation. Learn how inflation erodes purchasing power and why bank savings accounts lose real value over decades.

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Bank Deposits & Savings 8 min

Fixed Deposit (FD) vs Recurring Deposit (RD): Which Is Better?

Compare Fixed Deposits and Recurring Deposits: interest, flexibility, liquidity, tax and practical examples to choose the right savings option.

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Savings Bank Interest 10 min

Daily Average Balance (DAB) & Quarterly Interest Math in Indian Savings Accounts

Calculate savings account interest in Indian banks. Learn daily product balance formula, RBI rules, quarterly credit, and Section 80TTA tax limits.

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Child Education Planning 11 min

Child Higher Education Cost Inflation (10% p.a.): Planning College Corpus for 2035-2040

Calculate education inflation in India. Learn how a ₹15 Lakh degree costs ₹60+ Lakh in 15 years and how to build a Step-Up SIP college corpus.

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Milestone Sinking Funds 11 min

Indian Wedding Budget Planning: Inflating Event Costs & Building a 3-Year Sinking Fund

Plan an Indian wedding budget without debt. Calculate venue, catering, jewelry, photography inflation (8%-10%) and build a 3-year Step-Up SIP sinking fund.

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Life Insurance & HLV 11 min

Human Life Value (HLV) Calculation: How Much Term Insurance Cover Do You Need?

Calculate your Human Life Value (HLV) for term insurance in India. Learn the Income Replacement method, liabilities coverage, and optimal sum assured.

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Creator Economy & Pricing 10 min

Freelancer Hourly Rate & Campaign Pricing Math: Calculating Sustainable Fees

Calculate your freelance hourly rate and brand campaign pricing. Factoring target annual income, non-billable hours, software overhead, and taxes.

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Real Estate Measurements 12 min

Indian Land Measurement Units: Converting Bigha, Guntha, Ground & Acre to Sq Ft

Master Indian land measurement unit conversions. State-wise guide for Bigha, Guntha, Ground, Biswa, Kanal, Marla, Cent, and Square Feet.

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Real Estate Returns & Tax 10 min

Real Estate Appreciation vs Inflation: Calculating True Real Property Returns

Debunk real estate returns in India. Learn how to calculate net property CAGR after maintenance, property taxes, registration, and inflation.

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Commercial Property & Yield 11 min

Commercial vs Residential Real Estate in India: Rental Yields & Value

Compare Commercial vs Residential Property investments in India. Analyze rental yields (8%-10% vs 2%-3%), lease lock-ins, and capital growth.

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Clean Energy & Mobility Economics 8 min

The Financial Math of EVs and Solar Rooftops

Calculate the true ROI of buying an Electric Vehicle and solar panels in India. Understand payback periods, subsidies, and battery costs.

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Solar Rooftop & Subsidies 10 min

Solar Rooftop Payback Period & ROI: PM Surya Ghar Subsidy Math

Calculate Solar Rooftop payback period, ROI, and PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana subsidies. Compare grid electricity vs solar power savings.

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Electric Vehicle Economics 11 min

EV Battery Replacement Cost & Life Cycle Economics: Is Electric Really Cheaper?

Calculate EV battery replacement cost and 8-year Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). Compare EV vs Petrol running costs, battery degradation, and resale value.

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🏢 Business Valuation & Financial Ratios

Understand DCF models, WACC hurdle rates, DuPont ROE decomposition, and corporate solvency metrics.

11 Guides
Stock Valuation Multiples 11 min

P/E Ratio vs P/B Ratio: When to Use Which Stock Valuation Metric

Compare Price-to-Earnings (P/E) vs Price-to-Book (P/B) ratio. Learn sector applicability, value traps, DuPont RoE linkage, and screening rules.

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Intrinsic DCF Valuation 12 min

DCF Valuation Method: How to Calculate Intrinsic Stock Value Step-by-Step

Master Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation. Learn Free Cash Flow (FCFF), WACC, terminal value, and margin of safety with examples.

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Enterprise Valuation 11 min

EBITDA vs EV/EBITDA Multiple: Evaluating Profitability & Enterprise Value

Master EBITDA and EV/EBITDA multiple valuation. Learn how to evaluate company operating performance, capital structure neutrality, and acquisition pricing.

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Corporate Cost of Capital 12 min

WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) Explained: Debt vs Equity Mix

Learn how to calculate WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital). Formula for Cost of Equity (CAPM), Cost of Debt (after-tax), and optimal capital structure.

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CAPM & Equity Hurdle Rates 11 min

Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): Calculating Expected Return on Equity

Learn how to calculate CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model). Formula for Risk-Free Rate (Rf), Beta (β), Equity Risk Premium (ERP), and Cost of Equity (Ke).

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DuPont ROE Decomposition 12 min

3-Step & 5-Step DuPont Analysis: Deconstructing Return on Equity (RoE)

Master 3-step and 5-step DuPont Analysis. Deconstruct Return on Equity (RoE) into Profit Margin, Asset Turnover, Leverage, and Tax Burden.

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Credit Risk & Bankruptcy 12 min

Altman Z-Score: Predicting Company Bankruptcy & Financial Distress

Calculate the Altman Z-Score for corporate distress. Learn the 5 financial ratio formula, Safe/Grey/Distress zones, and how to spot risky stocks.

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Liquidity & Working Capital 10 min

Current Ratio vs Quick Ratio (Acid Test): Assessing Short-Term Solvency

Compare Current Ratio and Quick Ratio (Acid-Test Ratio). Calculate liquidity metrics, ideal benchmark ratios (2:1 vs 1:1), and inventory drag.

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Operating Efficiency Ratios 9 min

Inventory Turnover Ratio: Calculating Days Sales of Inventory (DSI)

Calculate Inventory Turnover Ratio and Days Sales of Inventory (DSI). Optimize stock velocity, reduce holding costs, and spot obsolete inventory.

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Cash Conversion Cycle 11 min

Working Capital Turnover Cycle Math: Cash Conversion Days & Liquidity Management

Master Working Capital Cycle calculations. Calculate Inventory Days, Receivables Days, Payables Days, and Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) for MSMEs.

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Capital Budgeting & CapEx 11 min

Discounted Payback Period vs Simple Payback: Time Value of Money in Project Selection

Compare Discounted Payback Period vs Simple Payback. Learn how factoring WACC discount rates prevents overestimating project returns.

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